After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

With the new social, economical and cultural conditions these days spare time is introduced as an important part of life and its quality has gained more importance. This article showing the importance of spare time and its relation to spend it actively in urban spaces has surveyed its place in people’s life and tries to identify urban open spaces’ role in time spending and then talks about urban open spaces and its problems and finally suggests ways to improve urban open spaces.

One may say that The Open Society and Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no open society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demanding moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions and values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

One of the main characteristics of the shallow water model is that the vertical dimension of the flow is small compared to its horizontal dimension, on this basis the flow is considered almost horizontal, and also the pressure distribution in the depth can be hydrostatically commented These assumptions simplify the equations and solve them numerically. In finite volume methods, any field with complex boundary conditions can be easily analyzed by using an irregular triangular grid. While in finite difference methods, it is very difficult to achieve high accuracy methods and has a high computational cost, and the application of finite difference schemes in fields with complex boundary conditions, which often happens in practice, It is very difficult and practically impossible. In this research, after developing the two-dimensional numerical model of the flow using the finite volume method in the Fortran programming language, taking into account the time halving scheme and using triangular grids, the flow pattern in open channels was investigated. Also, several zero-equation turbulence models including parabolic model, Parantel mixing length and Smagorinsky model were compared. The results of comparisons with laboratory data show the high accuracy of the numerical model in the simulations.

Background and Aims: Various methods are used for treatment of open bite. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Lower Anterior High Pull Headgear (LAHPH) appliance in Class I subjects with moderate open bite and high lower lip line.Materials and Methods: The study group was composed of 10 subjects with a mean age of 15.8±2.5 years and 3.05±0.07 mm moderate open bite. All the patients rejected or thognathic surgery. The treatment included extraction of upper and lower second premolars followed by leveling, banding, bonding, posterior space closure, and anterior retraction. After these procedures, the open bite was reduced to 2.04±1.17 mm. afterwards; LAHPH was applied for 18 hours per day for 8±2 months. LAHPH appliance was composed of High Pull Headgear and two hooks mounted on its inner bow. Two elastics (1.8, light, Dentaurum) connected the upper hooks on the inner bow to the lower hooks on the mandibular canines vertically. The forces produced by the prescribed elastics were 10 and 60 g during mouth closing and opening, respectively. Paired T-test was used to evaluate pre-and post-treatment outcomes.Results: The pre-and post-treatment cephalometric evaluations showed that the LAHPH reduced effectively the open bite of the patients to 0.15±1.7 mm (P<0.001).Conclusion: This appliance can be used as an acceptable method for closing the open bite in Class I subjects.

Introduction: The use of abdominal zippers for temporary abdominal closure was devised to facilitate repeated explorations, allowing multiple cleansing of the peritoneal cavity and the detection and management of septic complications. In our study, an open abdomen using a sterile zip in a patient with gangrenous bowels and reanastomosis derived infection is reported.Case report: In this study a patient with a history of appendectomy one year before referral (had referred to the physician with a one month complaint of abdominal pain) is presented. The patient underwent laparatomy twice. Most of his small intestine was resected due to the gangrene and primary anastomosis was performed. Finally after three days, the patient underwent multiple cleansing of the abdominal cavity following purulent discharge from the incision, acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis with diagnosis of discharge from the site of anastomosis. Zipper locked method was used for temporary closure of abdomen wall in order to facilitate multiple access of abdominal cavity. Finally, abdominal wall was closed constantly.Conclusion: Temporary closure of the abdomen by means of devices such as zip gives the opportunity of rapid, easy and safe assessment, management and treatment of these patients to the surgeons.

Introduction: Varicocele is one of the most common causes of infertility. In this study, we evaluated and compared the operative time, sperm analysis results, and complications of three different methods of open and laparoscopic varicocelectomies.Materials and Methods: From among all bilateral varicocelectomies in our center, we randomly selected 30 of each following cases: laparoscopic varicocelectomy, open subinguinal varicocelectomy under general anesthesia, and open subinguinal varicocelectomy under local anesthesia. We compared the operative time, sperm analysis results, and complications between these three groups.Results: The mean operative times were 30.0±5.5 minutes for laparoscopies, 27.0±3.5 minutes for open varicocelectomies under general anesthesia, and 38.0±1.8 minutes for open varicocelectomies under local anesthesia (P=.02). Intra-operative complications occurred only in the laparoscopic group, and postoperative complications were seen in 23.3%, 20.0%, and 4.2% of the patients with laparoscopy, open surgery under general anesthesia, and open surgery under local anesthesia, respectively. Semen analysis did not show any significant changes after varicocelectomy except for a slight improvement of sperm morphology in patients who underwent open varicocelectomy under local anesthesia.Conclusion: Subinguinal varicocelectomy under local anesthesia is better than laparoscopic method in terms of recurrence, hydrocele formation, and operative time. Subinguinal method under general anesthesia has intermediate efficacy regarding less complications than laparoscopic method and shorter operative time than the two other methods.